作者: Giorgio Gambino , Elisa Angelini , Ivana Gribaudo
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9283-0_14
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摘要: The diagnosis of grapevine viral diseases and their associated viruses is usually performed by visual observation symptoms or using laboratory tests. can be carried out directly in the field, case manifest pathologies, means biological indexing with susceptible indicators, latent diseases. assays include various serological biomolecular tests, based on detection capsid nucleic acid, respectively. Serological are largely used, also thanks to availability commercial kits. Biomolecular underwent a dramatic evolution last years, from dot-blot hybridisation PCR-based techniques finally microarrays, improving sensitivity reliability.