Estimating the non-market benefits of water quality improvement for a case study in Spain: A contingent valuation approach

摘要: Abstract This article addresses an important topic related to the application of European Water Framework Directive (WFD) in Spanish watersheds. Results on a contingent valuation study, aimed assess non-market benefits water quality improvements Guadiana river basin (GRB), are shown. Special attention has been paid issue zero willingness-to-pay (WTP) responses, while addressing possible presence self-selection caused by protest responses. The results (i) indicate that sample selection bias is not problem our application, (ii) allow us identify some key determinants voting behaviour, and (iii) through use different econometric models allows find robust estimate for mean WTP accurately inform decision-making.