Willingness to use microbicides varies by race/ethnicity, experience with prevention products, and partner type.

摘要: Globally, approximately half of all new HIV infections occur in women and the proportion newly infected is increasing (Ogden, Ogden, Mthembu, & Williamson, 2004; UNAIDS/WHO, 2005). According to Centers for Disease Control Prevention [CDC], represent 30% United States (U.S.) each year, three-quarters which are transmitted via heterosexual intercourse (Centers Among sexually active women, a woman's risk infection often related behaviors beyond her direct control, such as sex- or drug-related behavior sexual partner (Hader, Smith, Moore, Holmberg, 2001). Given rise becoming with annually limited ability exercise condom use their male partners (Beksinska, Rees, McIntyre, Wilkinson, 2001; Parker, Easton, Klein, 2000; Sapire, 1995; 2003; World Health Organization [WHO], 1997; Wingood DiClemente, 1998), need woman-initiated prevention option profound. Topical vaginal microbicides offer best hope protecting from HIV/AIDS. The term “microbicide” applies range products that, when applied topically vagina prior intercourse, could prevent significantly reduce transmission; some may also provide protection against other STDs, still others have contraceptive effects (Alliance Microbicide Development, Global Campaign Microbicides, 2006; International Partnership Several candidate now undergoing clinical efficacy trials. In preparation FDA approval microbicides, behavioral social scientists been exploring psychosocial factors hypothesized be associated acceptability continued these products. It will critical successful uptake products, thus impact on rates transmission, understand who would why. For instance, product vary by type number, cultural influences context, (Severy, Tolley, Woodsong, Guest, 2005)? Given greater understanding affect microbicide use, scientists, well health care providers systems, better able develop target appropriate interventions. Phoenix Project was designed gather formative data psychometrically evaluate measures. Several models, including theories reasoned action planned behavior, posit that intention, “subjective probability” one perform given (Fishbein Ajzen, 1975), can predict eventual behavior. In meta-analysis (Sheeran Orbell, medium strong correlation found between intentions though degree relationship has affected gender et al., von Haeften, Fishbein, Kaspryzk, Montano, 2000). Thus, while studies significant measures intention safer sex (Albarracin, Johnson, Muellerleile, Basen-Engquist, 1992; Basen-Engquist Parcel, Bryan, Rocheleau, Robbins, Hutchinson, 2005; Fishbein Fisher, Rye, Godin, Gagnon, Lambert, Posner, Bull, Ortiz, Evans, Roberts Kennedy, Sheeran, Abraham, 1999), less evidence (Minnis, Shiboski, Padian, Rosenthal, Fernbach, 1997). It possible way construct measured contribute than consistent results. colleagues (1975) discussed specificity items relating (i.e., object, situation, time). Within realm self-efficacy, Bandura (1985) Forsyth Carey (1998) posited self-efficacy include specific class context circumstance. Studies used varying levels (Albarracin Hennessy, Yzer, Douglas, 2003), (Smith, McGraw, Costa, McKinlay, 1996). Gibbons postulated distinct constructs willingness, expectation should considered predicting outcomes. While, at face value, measuring appear very similar, Gibbons them prediction both together independently. These results ongoing discussion how contextualize measurement led willingness microbicide, specifying partner, type, episode certain characteristics accessibility referents. Willingness chosen because hypothetical nature contrast expectation, imply an actual plan goal, environment where proof concept and, therefore, readily available product, does not currently exist. Thus likelihood using under circumstances, approximated current status development. As part larger effort set upcoming studies, gathered elucidate themes developed quantitative measure those constructs, tested resulting measures. With respect analysis, “willingness microbicides” evaluated. scale then further analyses explore demographic variables microbicides. In case circumstances future use. Hence, ultimately sustained product. Our model assumes product-related factors, person-related microbicide.