Duplicated vena cava with tumor thrombus from renal cancer: use of venogram for safer operative planning.

摘要: Renal and adrenal tumors can invade into the inferior vena cava (IVC) in 4%-10% of cases. Consequently, urologists must remain well versed anatomy IVC. The IVC develops embryologically from coordinated growth regression a series veins. Occasionally, these veins persist, creating caval abnormalities. A completely duplicated system is 1 variations. We present case renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending show how understanding venous drainage pertinent imaging aid successful outcome.