Fraud in science.

摘要: Fraud, institutions politics deceit, would that cheating be comprise unrecognizable and contemporary mendacity without are society. these found phenomena. Advertising within all Parthe p litics u recognizabl wi out t se Parents lie to their children, bankers embezzle funds, 'lifetime" guarantees not honored by either retailers or manufacturers, witnesses perjure themselves on the stand atheistic priest celebrates mass. In long run devastated because family, business, government, church law often judged more for consequences than truth of what they proclaim officially. Such values as love, profit, order justice standards, sometimes antithetical truth, which evaluated. The one institution has pursuit its dominant value is science. recent years there been a spate disclosures fraud committed scientists some believe known cases represent but tip an iceberg. Of current examples, probably best so-called painted mice affair, in scientist at SloanKettering Institute, William Summerlin, "whipped his felt pen skin two top. During meeting he showed them Good (his supervisor) evidence successful graft" (Culliton, 1974:1155). It significant investigation "found Summerlin guilty misrepresentation.' They never used word 'fraudnot print anyway, official statements" 1974:1156). Unlike who confessed fraudulent acts, Cyril Burt had died before results aroused sufficient skepticism question seriously. "Burt accused critics having doctored even invented extensive partly unique collection I.Q. test data support theory intelligence determined primarily heredity" (Wade, 1976:916). Less publicized have described journals such Science, Science News, New Scientist Scientific American. "Some scientific leaders suspect number dishonest growing, result increasingly fierce competition grant money, tends go researchers can produce assert produce, most impressive new findings shortest time" (Rensberger, 1977:44). Because very aims science, it par-