Late radiation responses in man: Current evaluation from results from Hiroshima and Nagasaki

摘要: Abstract Among the late effects of exposure to atomic bombings Hiroshima and Nagasaki, none looms larger than radiation related malignancies. Indeed, A-bomb on mortality appear be limited an increase in malignant tumors. At present, it can shown that cancers breast, colon, esophagus, lungs, stomach, thyroid, urinary tract as well leukemia multiple myeloma frequency with exposure. No significant relationship yet established for lymphoma, nor rectum, pancreas or uterus. Radiation induced malignancies other seem develop proportionally natural cancer rate attained age. For specific age-at-death intervals, both relative absolute risks tend higher those younger age at time bombing. Other include radiation-related lenticular opacities, disturbances growth among survivors still growing exposure, mental retardation small head sizes utero exposed. Chromosomal abnormalities too are more frequently encountered peripheral leucocytes survivors, this is functionally their Some uncertainty continues surround quantity quality released by these two nuclear devices, particularly bomb. A recent reassessment suggests gamma estimates which have been used past may low some distances neutron high all distances; moreover, energies neutrons now “softer” previously conjectured. These uncertainties not sufficiently large, however, compromise reality increased malignancy, but make dose response, terms exposures, tentative.