Quantitative genetic versions of Hamilton's rule with empirical applications

摘要: Hamilton's theory of inclusive fitness revolutionized our understanding the evolution social interactions. Surprisingly, an incorporation perspective into quantitative genetic phenotypic has been slow, despite popularity genetics in evolutionary studies. Here, we discuss several versions rule for from a perspective, emphasizing its utility empirical applications. Although offers methods to measure each critical parameters rule, work lagged behind theory. In particular, lack studies selection on altruistic traits wild. Fitness costs and benefits altruism can be estimated using simple extension analysis that incorporates interactants. We also importance considering influence environment, or indirect effects (IGEs), context rule. Research generated extensive body focusing—with good reason—almost solely relatedness. argue quantifying roles non-social components IGEs, addition relatedness, is now timely should provide unique additional insights evolution.