The Quantitative Genetic Theory of Parental Effects

摘要: There are many theoretical approaches for studying the evolution of parental care and parent–offspring interactions (Chapters 2, 7, 9, 16; Mock Parker 1997), but here I focus on theory developed in field quantitative genetics. The reasons this twofold; first, they allow tractable dynamic models phenotypes determined by multiple genes environment. Second, application so entwined genetics that development is nearly always followed, or sometimes even preceded, methods to estimate relevant parameters from data—a useful resource empiricists. However, my main aim not champion genetic approach over others, clarify how interaction work, key concepts fit with more familiar ideas behavioural ecology. Traditionally, two have often focused fundamentally different things; ecology focusing conflict co-adaptation (reviewed Smiseth et al. 2008; Hinde 2010). goal chapter dispel perception tension between interests individual kin does a natural place approach, its omission much recent empirical work warranted. Its seems be inadvertent may arisen because those applying continued associate same name genetics, particularly pertaining fitness selection (Chapter 1). Quantitative effects designed predict evolutionary change suites traits affect expressed offspring and/or affected parents. In first section give detailed exposition Kirkpatrick–Lande model (hence forth K–L model; Kirkpatrick Lande 1989, 1992; 1990), generalized great deal previous which phenotype an was influenced parents (Dickerson 1947; Willham 1963, 1972; Falconer 1965; Cheverud 1984). difficult understand intention derive explain it way both didactic complementary original special emphasis clarifying what meant selection. To facilitate this, through simple biological example second highlight relationship life-history evolution. By doing argue has assumed values these contradict central wide support. third describe (Willham 1972), case widely used empiricists, show changing assumptions about form we come very conclusions types architecture act as constraints change. Following