Human activities change marine ecosystems by altering predation risk.

摘要: In ocean ecosystems, many of the changes in predation risk - both increases and decreases are human-induced. These occurring at scales ranging from global to local across variable temporal scales. Indirect, risk-based effects human activity known be important structuring some terrestrial but these impacts have largely been neglected oceans. Here, we synthesize existing literature data explore multiple lines evidence that collectively suggest diverse activities changing marine including carbon storage capacity, myriad ways by altering risk. We provide novel, compelling least one key activity, overfishing, can lead distinct, cascading natural ecosystems whose magnitude exceeds presumed lethal may account for previously unexplained findings. further discuss conservation implications human-caused indirect effects. Finally, a predictive framework when alterations oceans should outline prospectus future research. Given speed extent with which landscapes, it is crucial management policy considers order increase likelihood success avoid unfortunate surprises.