Genetic and environmental risks for high blood pressure among African American mothers and daughters.

摘要: Cardiovascular (CV) changes that lead to high blood pressure (HBP) have become commonplace in American society, often beginning childhood. The national trend of obesity has been suggested as a leading cause HBP (American Heart Association [AHA], 2003; Din-Dzietham, Liu, Bielo, & Shamsa, 2007; Litwin et al., 2007). percentage children with body mass indices (BMIs) surpassing the 95th percentile, indicating obesity, risen steadily over last 20 years (aCenters for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007a). Statistically, African women girls are more overweight obese than those other ethnic groups. From 2003 2004, statistical trends among 6–11 olds indicated 14% White 17% boys 13.1% 22.8% were obese. adolescent produced an increase each group, excluding girls. For ages 12–19 years, 14.6% 12.7% obese, while 18.7% 23.6% adult even alarming, 78% 50.8% Clearly, though is concern everyone, females disproportionately at risk. The number associated being diagnosed essential hypertension (Din-Dzietham Between 1988 2002, prehypertension rose from 7.7% 10%, increasing 2.7% 3.7%. These increases translate into approximately 410,150 additional pre or across nation. statistics signify important public health hypertensive usually adults who develop CV disease along comorbidities younger ages. Studies shown linkages insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, (Barlow Expert Committee, Berenson, Srinivasan, Chen, Li, Patel, 2006; Din-Dzietham Maternal recognized contributing factor developing childhood (Strauss Knight, 1999), syndrome parents higher incidence children, especially within population (Meis, Schuster, Gaillard, Osei, 2006). Findings CDC National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (2007b) maintained highest rate 20–39 age Unlike Mexican women, this prevalence continues rise throughout women’s lifetime reach staggering 61% by time they 60. The (AHA, Rosamond 2007) reported primary death Americans, nearly 5 out 10 Americans disease. all demographic groups Nesbitt Victor, 2004). also experience HBP-related morbidity earlier (Sile In 40.9% 31,608 died diseases American; contrast, 14.5% (AHA). include stroke, heart attack, cardiovascular compromise. The purpose study described below was examine risk factors development HBP, hypertension, women. A secondary determine extent which genetic precursors affect gene-environment interaction early life. We hypothesized both genetics environmental lifestyle behaviors can contribute hypertension. research questions address following: (a) What relationship between polymorphisms (BP) readings mothers daughters? (b) effect (dietary sodium intake minutes physical activity) on BP