Shifting perceptions of risk and reward: Dynamic selection for human development by black bears in the western United States

摘要: Abstract As landscapes across the globe experience increasing human development, it is critical to identify behavioral responses of wildlife this change given associated shifts in resource availability and risk from activity. This particularly important for large carnivores as their interactions with people are often a source conflict, which can impede conservation efforts require extensive management. To examine adaptations carnivore benefits risks development we investigated black bear behavior three systems western United States. Our objectives were (1) temporal patterns selection within year years based on natural food conditions, (2) compare spatial systems, (3) individual characteristics increased development. Using mixed effects models found that was highly dynamic, varying function changing environmental physiological conditions. Bears use when foods scarce, throughout summer-fall, they aged, gender, males exhibiting greater While similar bears at sites poorer quality habitat selected more consistently than higher habitat. Black appear largely subsidy, suggesting conflicts bears, potentially other carnivores, will increase demand resources outweighs