Critical Minerals and Energy–Impacts and Limitations of Moving to Unconventional Resources

摘要: The nexus of minerals and energy becomes ever more important as the economic growth development countries in global South accelerates needs new technologies expand, while at same time various are declining grade available reserves from conventional mining. Unconventional resources form deep ocean deposits urban ores being widely examined, although exploitation is still limited. This paper examines some implications transition towards cleaner futures parallel with shifts through ore decline uptake unconventional mineral resources. Three scenarios, each three levels renewable energy, assessed for potential critical to restrict under 12 alternative supply patterns. Under steady material intensities per unit capacity, study indicates that selenium, indium tellurium could be barriers expansion thin-film photovoltaics, neodymium dysprosium may delay propagation wind power. For fuel cells, no restrictions observed.