Mineral-water-energy nexus: implications of localized production and consumption for industrial ecology

摘要: Urban and remote areas are increasingly using decentralised systems for renewable energy production storage, as well water harvesting recycling to a lesser extent product manufacture via 3D printing. This paper asks two questions – how will these developments affect (i) the end-uses of minerals, including critical minerals (ii) implications industrial ecology development sound materials cycle society. We find trade-off between higherperformance in low concentrations which complex recycle, unalloyed, standardised increased effectiveness across multiple reuse cycles. Design operational challenges managing infrastructure also discussed their uptake approaches tipping point.