Immunodiagnosis Detection of Antigens in Body Fluids

摘要: Rapid, sensitive methods have been developed to detect antigens which appear in body fluids during infections due a wide variety of infectious agents. Antigens that are currently detectable include those hepatitis B surface antigen, dengue, coxsackie A, and rotavirus; the capsular polysaccharides Hemophilus influenzae types a–f, pneumococci many types. Neisseria meningitidis groups B, C, Y, Klebsiella types, Escherichia coli strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae), Staphylococcus aureus, Cryptococcus neoformans; antigen from Rickettsia prowazekii; endotoxin. The purpose this chapter is review newer detection, problems associated with their use, application various clinical situations, potential areas future application. Specifically, be discussed precipitin tube test; countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE); agglutination tests, including latex (LA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), passive (PHA); radioimmunoassay tests (RIA); enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); limulus lysate test (LT). Table 1 shows applied each above antigens. None these requires presence living or whole-killed agents for detection fluids. Staining, quellung, agglutination, fluorescent labeling whole organisms free attached cells not subjects chapter. Since complement-fixation rarely used, it will only referred discussion other methods.