Multiple seed dispersal modes of an invasive plant species on coastal dunes

摘要: Beach evening-primrose (Oenothera drummondii subsp. drummondii) is a perennial herb native to the coastal dunes of Gulf Mexico and southeastern USA. During last century, species was unintentionally introduced into dune systems around world. The purpose this study explore means dispersal invasive in newly established populations on Spain determine if they contribute significantly invasion process. After reconstructing history its spread from available records, we tested whether dispersion by marine currents can be mechanism colonization at regional scale, presence vertebrate participate expansion process local scale. Through laboratory experiments, demonstrated that seeds O. dispersed seawater, since 0.63% present both buoyancy seawater subsequent germination after being washed with fresh water. This capacity for could explain along southwestern coast maintenance following disturbances such as storms. We also Iberian Hares European Rabbits disperse endozoochory; recovered faecal pellets these were capable (73 63%, respectively). Oenothera has become an invader only where dispersers are present, no control actions regulate their populations. In conclusion, alien varying methods, polychory. helps maintain already disperses level, depending incidence storms or absence rabbits hares efficient seed dispersion. Thus, management restrict animal likely have benefit limiting potential drummondii.