Living with the enemy: Facilitating amphibian coexistence with disease

摘要: Abstract Globalization has facilitated the emergence and spread of novel pathogens, representing a major conservation challenge. The amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, caused by fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, epitomizes this unprecedented threat, being responsible for declines extinctions amphibians worldwide. Chytridiomycosis had both immediate catastrophic impacts during initial epidemics, as well more variable, ongoing effects transitions to endemicity in its new distribution. Where B. dendrobatidis is now endemic, effective management actions are needed prevent further species. Yet, after nearly 20 years research, solutions remain rare or largely untested. Here, we highlight potential mitigation strategies focused on environmental part host-pathogen-environment triangle facilitate coexistence with pathogen. We provide an extensive literature review demonstrate that conditions demographic processes can strongly mediate impact capacity populations withstand disease-associated mortality. In particular, approaches achieve could focus manipulating decrease suitability and/or increase resilience Such include translocation to, creation of, refuges, habitat manipulation recruitment offset elevated adult argue responding chytridiomycosis requires conceptual readjustment our baselines recognize endemic infection ‘new normal’ surviving many susceptible conclude recommendations research help species dendrobatidis.