Metallophyte status of violets of the section Melanium

摘要: Violets from metal-enriched soils have controversially been described as both heavy-metal accumulators and excluders in the literature. The present study solves issue for violets of section Melanium (zinc violets, Viola lutea ssp. calaminaria V. westfalica; hartsease or wild pansy, tricolor; mountain lutea). aims were to determine concentrations heavy metals soil roots shoots field-collected plants, evaluate potential impact colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant tissues, quantitatively define localisation elements root cross-sections. When these grow low-metal soils, higher found than soil, whereas opposite was seen samples high-metal soils. Under all field conditions examined, species colonised fungi. However, tricolor marginally when Zn P soil. Determination spatial distribution cross-sections indicates tissue-specific deposition within vascular tissue, cortex, rhizodermis. These data indicate that are excluders.