Impacts of Marine Debris: Entanglement of Marine Life in Marine Debris Including a Comprehensive List of Species with Entanglement and Ingestion Records

摘要: Lost and discarded marine debris, particularly items made of persistent synthetic materials, is now recognized as a major form pollution. This perception was seminal finding the 1984 International Workshop on Fate Impact Marine Debris (Shomura Yoshida 1985). A factor leading to this conclusion information nature extent interactions between debris life gathered by researchers working independently in different ocean areas during 1970s early 1980s. Compiled for first time at workshop, highlighted two fundamental types biological interactions: (1) entanglement, whereby loops openings various entangle animal appendages or entrap animals; (2) ingestion, are intentionally accidentally eaten enter digestive tract.