Multilevel and kin selection in a connected world

摘要: Arising from: G. Wild, A. Gardner & S. West , 983–986 (2009)10.1038/nature08071 ; reply Wild et al.1 argue that the evolution of reduced virulence can be understood from perspective inclusive fitness, obviating need to evoke group selection as a contributing causal factor. Although they acknowledge mathematical equivalence fitness and multilevel approaches, conclude viewed entirely an individual-level adaptation by parasite1. Here we show their model is well-known special case more general theory selection, cause resides in opposition two processes: within-group among-group selection. This distinction important light current controversy among evolutionary biologists which some continue affirm natural centres only always at level individual organism or gene, despite demonstrations dynamics must described various levels hierarchy biological organization.