Quantum metrology and fundamental physical constants

摘要: The object of this NATO Advanced Study Institute was to pre- sent a tutorial 'introduction both the basic physics recent spectacular advances achieved in field metrology and determination fundamental physical constants. When humans began qualify their description natural phenomena, metrology, science measurement, developed along- side geometry mathematics. However, flam antiquity modern times, role mostly restricted need commercial, social or scientific transactions local at most national scope. Beginning with Renaissance, particularly western Europe during last century, rapidly an international character as result growing needs for more accurate measurements common standards emerging indus- trial society. Although concerns are deeply rooted sciences, it was, until recently, perceived by much community custodial character.