Diversity of the Vocal Signals of Concave-Eared Torrent Frogs (Odorrana tormota): Evidence for Individual Signatures

摘要: Male concave-eared torrent frogs (Odorrana tormota) have an unusually large call repertoire and been shown to communicate ultrasonically. We investigated the individual specificity of male advertisement calls in order explore acoustic bases recognition, which was demonstrated accompanying study. Vocalizations 15 marked males were recorded field. A quantitative analysis signals revealed eight basic call-types. Two them (the single- multi-note long-calls) more detail. Long-calls characterized by pronounced varying frequency modulation patterns, abundant occurrence nonlinear phenomena (NLP), i.e., jumps, subharmonics, biphonations deterministic chaos. The NLP predictable from contour fundamental harmonic segment preceding onset NLP, this prediction showed individual-specific patterns. Fifteen variables long measured, all significantly different among individuals, except biphonic duration. Discriminant function (DFA) that 54.6% could be correctly assigned frogs. correct classification above chance level, suggesting underlie ability behaviorally discriminate vocal their neighbors those strangers, a remarkable feat for frog species with diverse repertoire. DFA results lower than other anurans, however. hypothesize there is tradeoff between increase vocalizations avoid masking low-frequency ambient background noise, decrease tract information extractable signal.