The Differentiation of the Concepts of Difficulty and Ability.

摘要: NICHOLLS, JOHN G., and MILLER, ARDEN T. The Differentiation of the Concepts Difficulty Ability. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1983, 54, 951-959. 3 levels differentiation concepts difficulty ability were distinguished cross-sectional longitudinal evidence progressive development presented. At least differentiated level, termed egocentric, "hard" is equivalent to "hard for me." second objective difficulty, children recognize continua (e.g., numbers pieces in jigsaw puzzles) that more objectively difficult tasks demand ability. Only at normative level (where performance others provides basis judging difficulty) judged independently subjective experience clearly differentiated. It shown understanding preferences demands consideration both individual differences perceived within levels. Current theories preference adults are be based on less conceptions difficulty. implications this fact these noted.