Energy Issues in Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management: Use, Demand Reduction and Recovery in the Urban Water Cycle

摘要: Urban water systems and, in particular, wastewater treatment facilities are among the major energy consumers at municipal level worldwide. Estimates indicate that on average these alone may require about 1% to 3% of total electric output a country, representing significant fraction bills. Specific power consumption state-of-the-art should range between 20 and 45 kWh per population-equivalent served, year, even though older plants have higher demands. This figure does not include conveyance (pumping) residues post-processing. On other hand, its byproducts contain different forms: chemical, thermal potential. Until very recently, only form recovery from most consisted anaerobic post-digestion process residuals (waste sludge), by which chemical methane is obtained as biogas, amounts generally sufficient cover half plant requirements. Implementation new technologies allow more efficient strategies savings sewage treatment. Besides valorization exploitation contents, closure cycle content could additional increased greenhouse emissions abatement.