Comparative anatomy of the extrinsic ocular muscles in vertebrates.

摘要: Comparative anatomy of the orbita throughout various vertebrates revealed that extrinsic ocular muscles vary in shape and number, it was suggested original form 3 straight (superior, inferior, temporalis) one oblique (superior) serve to conduct their components into types differentiation degeneration. Differentiation from 4 origins seems depend both on early independence M. obliquus inferior rectus nasalis leading primitive pattern Cyclostomata Pisces, new gradual development retractor bulbi, membranae nictitans, palpebralis toward Amphibia Amniota, order move bulbus eyelid more complicately. Degeneration, contrary, implied partial reduction together with nerves complete disappearance them. Occasional division superior 2 parts same innervation, moreover, suggests probable appearance relation eye movement animal species not yet examined. These changes, including form, pattern, most differentiated types, were summarized schematically 27 vertebrates.