Metastatic bladder cancer. Natural history, clinical course, and consideration for treatment.
作者： Kenneth B. Cummings , Donald L. Trump , Gary D. Steinberg
DOI: 10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00444-4
关键词:
摘要: Patients with metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder have a poor prognosis brief survival. Controversy exists as to clonality cancer, well natural history muscle-invasive disease that subsequently becomes metastatic. Newer molecular biologic techniques may help us identify and understand changes involved in transforming normal urothelium into malignant phenotype. In addition, newer chromosomal markers enable determine potential for progression invasion metastases. Additional work find optimum doses dosing schedules combinations chemotherapeutic agents will be necessary before we can improve survival all patients this disease.
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