Speech errors: old data in search of new theories

摘要: Recent theories of speech production have sought to explain errors in terms the permutation or decay intended elements. More venerable accounts Freud, Meringer and Mayer on other hand, acknowledged influence unintended elements occurrence nature errors, offered data whose most plausible explanation seemed be effects material. In this paper, I re-examine claims made by these authors, along with modern attempts away their problematic data. are also committed a strict sequence processing stages, but closer examination both older corpora reveals an improbable proportion caused, apparently, malfunction two more theoretically independent stages. There seems no way naturally extending strictly sequential models accommodate data, sketch alternative is proposed which replaced parallel processes checking. 1. The sources error seminal work Versprechen und Verlesen, Rudolf Karl three distinct error: (i) interference from utterance (what shall call PLAN INTERNAL ERRORS); (ii) formulation thought (ALTERNATIVE (iii) (COMPETING ERRORS). Of course, competing plan can as involving competition, at different levels stages production. Informally, involve competition between ways expressing formulating message; whereas, separate messages, unintended. Baars (1980) has recently 'competing plans' 'trigger' for erroneous output, him type fall under rubric. Most authors assign nearly all category (i); wanted (iii), fact, special subcategory will discussed below. argue that based almost entirely assigned internal category, designed therefore just account type, cannot extended natural consistent deal (except subcategories these) thus ignore inconvenient Two fairly detailed attempt trace entire route articulate using Fromkin (1971: 1973) Garrett (1975; 1976; 1980a; 1980b). Both well-known widely cited, provide adequate treatments large varied been admirable treat particular aspects errors; example, Shattuck-Hufnagel (1980; Klatt, 1979) provided very treatment segmental movement Fay Cutler (1977) offer n interesting certain kind word substitution error. However, tried comprehensive framework treating classes lexical, intonational syntactic phonetic feature movements articulatory errors. Since, seen, categories (i)-(iii) cut across linguistic levels, my essay concentrate models. Plan internalerrors. It assumed writers generation involves translation o r transduction into via hierarchy description roughly, structures, patterns, words (or morphemes), sequences items representing sounds, motor commands, etc. Authors disagree about number precise descriptions each level ordering levels. Generally, it held given there (not necessarily complete) representation So where morphemes) represented, lead anticipation, perseveration transposition a. Die Milo von Venus Target: 'Die Milo' (Meringer Mayer, 1895). Old new 629 b. you go again powdering mich (me) deiner (your) puff. 'There dich (yourself) meiner (my) puff' (Freud, 1924). c. phonology theory 'in phonology' (Fromkin, 1971). d. although murder form suicide 'although murder' (Garrett, 1975). At presumably later level, sounds interfering need not whole individual sound segments: (2) . Eine Sorte Tacher 'Eine Torte Sacher' durch die Ase natmen 'durch Nase atmen' nipper zarrow 'the zipper narrow' d little burst beaden beast burden' yield complete elements: are, probably, least many anticipation We find examples element element. Thus substitutions observed. (3) Ich gebe Preparate den Briefkasten (letter box). ' i Brutkasten' (incubator) 1895: 74). they certainly unusual people, possess Geizl (greed) meant say Geist (cleverness) really like hate get up morning (Frornkin, 197 low speeds it's too light. .heavy' Notice (3a) (3b) substituted similar meaning word; whereas (3c) (3d) sound. All report kinds. Either course constitutes prima facie problem explanation. A variety solutions possible proposed. require postulation