Freshwater Ecosystem Services in Mining Regions: Modelling Options for Policy Development Support

摘要: The ecosystem services (ES) approach offers an integrated perspective of social-ecological systems, suitable for holistic assessments mining impacts. Yet ES models to be policy-relevant, methodological consensus in contexts is needed. We review articles assessing areas focusing on freshwater components and policy support potential. Twenty-six were analysed concerning (i) complexity (data types, number parameters, processes ecosystem–human integration level) (ii) potential applicability development (communication uncertainties, scenario simulation, stakeholder participation management recommendations). Articles illustrate impacts through valuation exercises mostly. However, the lack ground- surface-water measurements, as well insufficient representation connectivity among soil, water humans, leave room improvements. Inclusion mining-specific environmental stressors models, increasing resolution topographies, determination baseline patterns inclusion multi-stakeholder perspectives are advantageous support. argue that achieving more exhorts practitioners aim high using mechanistic where possible inductive methods only necessary. Due data constraints, cause–effect networks might most feasible best solution. Thus, a policy-oriented framework proposed, which science directed modelling analysis ES.