Substrate utilization during exercise in chronic cardiac failure.

摘要: The classical definition of chronic cardiac failure (CCF) as a state in which the heart fails to maintain an adequate circulation for needs body [1] does not refer numerous hormonal and metabolic adaptations condition [2]. Foremost amongst these are abnormal neurohumoral responses at rest during exercise [3], such increased activation sympathetic reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, may fact be counter-productive. In addition, there abnormalities peripheral circulation, perhaps related above, but simply due reduced output, acute rise output necessarily result functional improvement [4]. use 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) has revealed skeletal muscle patients with CCF [5]. contribution various factors clinical picture remains unclear.