Chapter 9. Mapping The Redefinition Of Belonging In Europe By , And

摘要: Language and civic orientation tests are key features of the policy agendas many European Union Member States Union. Although modalities integration courses vary among States, their introduction accompanying official discourses confirm changing relationship between legal status, political belonging. The chapter examines implications programmes in nine Western Eastern countries. It shows that while past newcomers was main goal multifarious processes socio-political incorporation, new millennium it has been closely aligned with migration imperatives. Accordingly, not simply citizenship tests, is, requirements attached to gaining formal inclusion into citizenry, but also tests. latter administered both internally, countries destination, as well externally, origin. Keywords: citizenship; orientation; countries; Union; tests; language; policy;