Internal seed dispersal by parrots: an overview of a neglected mutualism.

摘要: Despite the fact that parrots (Psitacifformes) are generalist apex frugivores, they have largely been considered plant antagonists and thus neglected as seed dispersers of their food plants. Internal dispersal was investigated by searching for seeds in faeces opportunistically collected at communal roosts, foraging sites nests eleven parrot species different habitats biomes Neotropics. Multiple intact seven five families were found a variable proportion from four species. The mean number each per dropping ranged between one about sixty, with maximum almost hundred cacti Pilosocereus pachycladus single Lear’s Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari). All retrieved small (<3 mm) corresponded to herbs relatively large, multiple-seeded fleshy berries infrutescences shrubs, trees columnar cacti, often also dispersed stomatochory. An overview potential constraints driving suggest that, despite obvious size difference endozoochory stomatochory, there is no clear fruit depending on mode. Regardless enhanced or limited germination capability after gut transit, large frequently two viable according tetrazolium test experiments. conservative results our exploratory sampling literature review clearly indicate importance endozoochorous has under-appreciated due lack research systematically faeces. We encourage evaluation other mutualistic interactions mediated before generalized population declines contribute collapse key ecosystem processes.