VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS

摘要: I hear, and forget.I see, remember.I do, understand.CHINESE PROVERBHistorically, a large portion of surgical skills training centered around the acquisition operative perfection techniques through graduated exposure. The conventional craftsmanship that most practicing surgeons experienced during their apprenticeship, however, is poised to change. These changes are being brought about because decreasing animal laboratory availability, numbers complex cases, increasing cost cadaver resources, burden increasingly sophisticated technologies requiring considerable familiarity in operating room. In addition, academic institutions called task demonstrate shortened times, improved outcomes, lesser morbidity remain competitive with health maintenance organizations. As result, traditional resident apprenticeship surgery may be threatened. Academic having explore alternative means supplementing process. use simulators virtual environments offer programs adjunctive meeting needs future twenty-first century. Computer-generated have been used for number years train pilots. For decades, flight provided crew members experience would too difficult, expensive, or even impossible obtain otherwise. Today, simulation has become indispensable maintain operational readiness our military forces many roles: instruction training, evaluation, mission rehearsal. Though mature technology aviation, it not straightforward build medical applications. There technical hurdles overcome. Existing permit navigation within environment among mostly fixed objects (building terrain) some rigid moving (aircraft ships). Medical procedures, on other hand, involve interactions anatomy one can stretch, retract, cauterize, cut. Anatomy dynamic physiologic behavior, shape, internal structure difficult simulate. Moreover, significant exist which there no immediate solutions. particular, computing requirements representing soft tissue manipulations formidable, defying acceptable speed supercomputer. Current attempts at simulating motion avoid finite element modeling its computational demands, substituting instead crude models numeric approaches drastically sacrifice realism. A system usually composed computer host, graphics processor, integrative modeling, rendering, animation software, display, input, tracking devices. form presentation feedback user include sensations touch, sight, force, audition, all joined together provide realistic worlds. See display box following page list more commonly terms "virtual training" systems.