Technological changes in the pulp and paper industry and the role of uniform versus selective environmental policy

摘要: Although environmental regulations may imply a cost increase on firm's conventional input factors, such could stimulate the incentives to improve factor productivity. Productivity measures including indicators capturing improvements also show higher or lower progress than productivity ignoring aspects. We apply Malmquist index approach micro data for Norwegian pulp and paper industry, find that overall growth accounting changes in emissions of COD water is measure inputs only. opposite result when acids climate gases air. This probably due with opposing effects different emissions. A decomposition into technical efficiency change component shows frontier technology has changed, while average distance increased.