The Role of Retinoids in Vertebrate Limb Morphogenesis: Integration of Retinoid- and Cytokine-Mediated Signal Transduction

摘要: Vitamins, important accessory molecules required for a large number of physiological processes, were discovered at the turn this century. It has long been recognized that in absence vitamin A, growth animals is adversely affected (Mc Collum and Davis 1913; Osborne Mendel 1913). In 1940s 1950s, Warkany colleagues studied development A deficient rats (e.g., WIlson et al. 1953). These investigations resulted identification broad spectrum developmental defects offspring such as heart, lung, thymus digestive tract dysmorphogenesis. Studies 1920s by Wolbach Howe (1925) provided first link between status tissue histology. investigators showed deficiency causes squamous metaplasia keratinization most columnar epithelia body. Subsequently, Fell Mellanby (1953) high concentrations suppressed caused to differentiate into mucussecreting, ciliated epithelium.