Towards a Holistic Evaluation of Citizen Participation in Smart Cities

摘要: More and more cities aim to solve their urban challenges by implementing various smart city initiatives. Involving citizens in the design of these projects has proven be an essential precondition for a successful outcome. Therefore, citizen participation context gained considerable attention researchers practitioners. However, can instrumental solely gain label must thus carefully evaluated. Several evaluation frameworks, largely based on seminal work Arnstein's Ladder 1969, have been developed over years but oversimplified, too strict or not fit context.Following science research, this paper develops holistic framework evaluate bundling several established scales from scientific literature. By means framework, it is possible what extent initiatives are citizen-oriented. Then, applied Dublin London. In order collect detailed information, we case Knokke-Heist (Belgium). Based city, some recommendations improvement its strategy proposed.