Late-Pleistocene and early Holocene history of the canid fauna of Europe (Canidae)

摘要: Abstract In the sub-fossil assemblages of Europe red fox is clearly most frequent carnivorous mammalian species with a total 1553 records. depositions from Weichselian Glacial Vulpes vulpes is, typical representative Holocene fauna, already recorded in 100 assemblages. The Iberian peninsula, Italian peninsula and Balkans were theorised as glacial refugia. Well-founded facts give reason to believe that V. was also distributed Carpathian refuge. Later on, Crimean would appear be possible refuge fox. last warmer complex interstadials during Pleni-Glacial (Hengelo-Denekamp, 38,000–25,000 BC) central Europe. Its distribution this epoch extended at least part southern England. earliest well-dated records after Maximum Glaciation lie between 14,000 13,500 BC. Already early Late-Glacial (13,500 BC) appeared faunal communities. A separation refugia only for 10,000 years. During (38,000–25,000 BC) sympatric arctic ( Alopex lagopus ) probably existed. Last (22,000–18,000 BC) exclusively Europe, outside refuges. combined A. (15,000–9500 BC) probable exception Allerod, precisely documented by wolf Canis lupus geographic regions served more warm-climate adapted species. Concerning no drastic decrease assumed. presence C. not caused recolonisation.