Mass Transport: Circulatory System with Emphasis on Nonendothermic Species.

摘要: Mass transport can be generally defined as movement of material matter. The circulatory system then is a biological example given its role in the transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and chemical signals. Comparative physiology has long history providing new insights advancing our understanding mass across wide array systems. Here we focus on function nonmodel species. Invertebrates possess diverse convection systems; that at most complex generate pressures perform level comparable to vertebrates. Many invertebrates actively modulate cardiovascular using neuronal, neurohormonal, skeletal muscle activity. In vertebrates, cardiac morphology, cardiomyocyte function, contractile protein regulation by Ca2+ highlights high degree conservation, but differences between species exist are coupled variable environments body temperatures. Key regulators vertebrate systemic blood pressure include autonomic nervous system, hormones, ventricular filling. Further factors regulating adenosine, natriuretic peptides, arginine vasotocin, endothelin 1, bradykinin, histamine, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, name few. Diverse vascular morphologies flow coronary cerebral circulations also apparent nonmammalian Dynamic adjustments associated with exercise land, flying altitude, prolonged dives marine mammals, unique such giraffe. Future studies should address limits gas exchange convective transport, evolution arterial taxa, importance adaptations extreme environments. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:17-66, 2017.