Choice and constraint in flood hazard mitigation:the environmental attitudes of floodplain residents and engineers.

摘要: This research examines the importance of environmental factors in choice, promotion and implementation flood defence schemes England and Wales. It focuses on attitudes National Rivers Authority (NRA) engineers floodplain residents to low-frequency events investigates role NRA influencing, choices residents. The theoretical focus includes an examination appropriateness dominant (North American) hazards paradigm as explanatory model British context development a conceptual applicable this socio-political cultural milieu. The extends existing, primarily quantitative, designs include more qualitative approaches which provide descriptive richness beyond that afforded by quantitative data alone. The studies show be important influence their proposals for hazard mitigation existing schemes. is conceptualised 'risk-environment trade-off. case further identify unmet information need concerning both risk defence. The study highlights differences perception attitude between risk, defence, public consultation factors. underlines complexity interactions occur individual, institutional societal levels. The concludes inappropriately focused at individual level does not take sufficient account structural influences. Furthermore, concentration choice rather than constraint ignores social conflict self-interest actors decision-making environment. suggests systems approach inadequate dealing with complexities mitigation.