Land use and flood protection: contrasting approaches and outcomes in France and in England and Wales

摘要: Abstract Different approaches to the control of floodplain ‘encroachment’ exist in France and England Wales. In France, a ‘coercive’ approach emphasises strong central government intervention within system designated risk zones for all natural hazards. Wales, more ‘cooperative’ prevails, with dominant power being democratically elected local authorities. Ideas policies are converging, however, as both flexibility national direction shown have implementation weaknesses as, countries, development pressures on floodplains continue grow.