Predicting Crop Phenology

摘要: INTRODUCTION. CROP GROWTH SIMULATION AND THE ROLE OF PHENOLOGICAL MODELS. MODELING RESEARCH IN PRODUCTION. Integrating Knowledge. Testing Quantitative Hypotheses. Technology Transfer. IMPORTANCE MODELING. Annuals. Perennials. References. TEMPERATURE WATER STRESS EFFECTS ON PHENOLOGY. TEMPERATURE. Thermal Time Accumulation. Vernalization. Heat and Cold Stress. STRESS. PREDICTING DAYLENGTH PHEONOLOGICAL PROCESSES. PHILOSOPHIES RESEARCH. Early Research. Absolute Versus Descriptors. Interval Between Events Duration of Events. PHENOLOGY AS AN EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS. Maximizing Seed Production Through Flowering Date. Phases Development. Analysis Days or Daylength. Rate Development The Reproductive Phase. Maturation INTERACTION Scales Used for Daylength Response. Extreme Interactions. EFFECT RESPONSE ADAPTATION. Effect Latitude. Planting Genetic Variability Responses. Conclusions. LEAF DEVELOPMENT PLANTS. Ideal Leaf Scheme. RESULTS. Appearance Rate. Expansion. Effects Drought Photoperiod, Change Solar Radiation. Initiation With Different Photoperiods Expansion Rates in Photoperiod. Nutrients. Within-Species Cultivar Differences. SUMMARY. STEMS: PATTERNS DURATION DEVELOPMENT. QUANTIFYING STEM MERISTEMS SITES FOR SHOOT APEX. INTERNODE ELONGATION. Cell Level. Organ VASCULAR TISSUE. Phyllotaxy Vascular Interconnections Leaves. Xylem. Phloem. AXILLARY BUDS BRANCHES, MODIFIED STEMS, ADVENTITIOUS BUDS. Axillary Buds Branches. Tillers, Stolons, Rhizomes, Tubers. Adventitious Roots. PLANT REGULATORS. MAIN BRANCHING PATTERNS. COMPLICATIONS GENETIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSES. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL. SOME NOVEL PHILOSOPHY. TILLERING WHEAT. INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW. PART IDENTIFICATION. IDENTIFICATION GUIDES BUILDING BLOCK STRUCTURE. PATTERN. TIMING ABNORMALITIES. RELEASE APICAL DOMINANCE. NORMAL TILLER ABORTION. INDUCED STAGES. ALGORITHMS. Degree Days. Cumulative Main Stem Haun Stage. Maximum Tillers on a Plant. Number Phyllochron Intervals from January 1 to Various Stages. ROOT Introduction. Monocots. Dicots. Root Branching. Environment Anatomy. Senescence. ROOT-SHOOT RELATIONSHIPS. ROOT-SOIL Elongation Physiology. Requirements Elongation. ROOTING DEPTH ANNUAL CROPS. Some Existing Models. Limitations Growth PROGRAMMING PHILOSOPHIES. BALANCE MECHANISM EMPIRICISM. Empirical Mechanistic Model. APPLICATION Research Application MODULAR PROGRAMMING. Reusable Modules, Code. Object Oriented Programming Systems. STRUCTURED CHARACTERISTICS A PROGRAM. Top-Down Design. Modular. Go-To-Less. Highly Cohesive. Loosely Coupled. CONTROL STRUCTURES Sequence. If-Then-Else. Do-While. Do-Until. MAIZE GENERAL MODEL DESCRIPTION. TEST DISCUSSION. CERES-WHEAT MODEL. CALCULATIONS. Vernalization Units. Hardiness Index. Interval. STAGE End the Previous Crop (ISTAGE=7). Germination (ISTAGE=8). Emergence (ISTAGE=9). Floral Initiation. (ISTAGE=1) Begin Ear (ISTAGE=2). Anthesis (ISTAGE=3). Grain Fill (ISTAGE=4). Period (ISTAGE=5). Maturity (ISTAGE=6). INITIATION SENESCENCE. LEAVES. Growth. Aging. Damage. Water Nitrogen PHASIC CERES-SORGHUM THERMAL TIME ESTIMATION. ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENTAL DESCRIPTION Stage 7: Presowing. 8: Sowing Germination. 9: Seedling Emergence. 1: Juvenile 2: PI. 3: PI 4: Beginning Filling. 5: Effective Filling Physiological Maturity. 6: Harvest. VALIDATION. GOSSYM. SUBROUTINE GROWTH. PLTMAP. ABSCISE. Simulating Yield Using Cotton Model Cottam. INDIVIDUAL FRUIT WHOLE RICE. RICE PRODUCTION SYSTEM. FACTORS AFFECTING EVENTS Sowing. Panicle Heading Pre-Grain DEMONSTRATION. CONCLUDING REMARKS. WEED MODERN DEFINITION COMPETITION Regression Simple Dynamic Complex Systems MECHANISTIC Vegetative Sprouting. Shoot Area Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction. Modeling Competition Phenology. VERTICAL INTEGRATION. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX.