Green transportation implementation through distance-based road pricing

摘要: Abstract The implementation of electronic toll collection (ETC) over freeways not only enables nonstop traffic flows through zones but also facilitates more flexible schemes for road pricing, such as distance-based and time-based schemes, both the on-ramp off-ramp time stamps a trip can be detected. Based on an ETC environment, this study develops pricing model which considers perspectives users, government, agent, seeking to attain greener transportation by leveraging external costs related environmental impact accident potential. Thereupon, Green Safety Indicator (GSI) is proposed comprehensively account service level freeway traffic. optimal solution benefits generated from three scenarios are determined against GSI-based equilibria, maintain revenue offer agent higher profits, allow users off-peak discounts, thereby promoting tripartite win–win situation among stakeholders.