Ecosystem services and forest management in the Nordic countries

摘要: The need to integrate a full spectrum of ecosystem services into decision-making has been long acknowledged. Despite the exponentially growing body literature, trade-offs resulting from management activities are still poorly understood. This thesis focuses on forest ecosystems in Nordic countries, specifically impacts provision several and associated trade-offs. were studied two research domains: biophysical socio-economic, as well their contribution decision support. Existing scientific literature assessments non-market relation extent integration support was systematically reviewed Paper I. findings suggest an uneven limited coverage literature. Existing majority confined single domain focus service. same trends have revealed studies In next three papers different investigated. In II structured expert judgment method (the Delphi technique) applied preservation biodiversity habitat boreal zone. Results suggested that intensity negative effect potential preserve habitat. A wide range estimates provided by respondents for functional forms relationships between characteristics, suggesting little agreement. usefulness complementary technique depth analysis provision. choice experiment approach III examine variation characteristics (tree species composition stand height / age) recreational value within stands Denmark. confirmed previous – presents desirable feature stand. study also shows positive some instances it may outweigh IV reports results synthesis provide (timber, conservation cultural services) existing alternatives oak-dominated forests Southern Sweden (intensive oak timber production without intervention). It uses draw conclusions third hypothetical alternative. We identified options which result complimentary synergetic delivery mentioned services.