Home range and migration patterns of male red deer Cervus elaphus in Western Carpathians

摘要: This study provides for the first time in Carpathians analysis of spatial behaviour 20 male red deer monitored during 2005–2013 using radio-telemetry. Two distinct patterns were displayed same local population, i.e. residential and migratory. Residential annual home ranges significantly smaller compared to migratory ones both Minimum Convex Polygon Kernel Home Range, due periodic movement migrants between seasonal ranges. Residents remained area throughout year showed a positive age effect on range size. While comparable size, residents surprisingly expanded their space use winter other seasons. Fidelity over years, especially winter, was striking with increasing tendency (37–68 %). Vertical differences altitudes most obvious migrants, although migrant types, significant descent recorded winter. The longest horizontal movements three young stags emigrating neighbouring mountain (30, 47 65 km). Because 45 % population seems be migratory, data support importance large-scale hunting management established Slovakia 2009.