Neuroendocrine regulation and homeostasis.

摘要: This special issue of the Journal Neuroendocrinology comprisesfive review articles, centred on theme neuroendocrineregulation homeostasis, and provides a snapshot sessionsat 2013 International Workshop in (IWNE).The workshop was held Santa Clara Resort, town ofDourado, S~ao Paulo, Brazil, from 4–7 August emergedfrom unification two independent neuroendocrine meetingsheld 2011: The First US–Latin American inNeuroendocrinology (Vi~na del Mar, Chile) BrazilianInternational Symposium Integrative (Dourado,Brazil). small, intimate venue not only facilitated scientificinteractions between Neuroendocrinologists United Statesand South America, but also provided graduate students post-doctoral fellows with opportunity to interact each otherand established investigators. It unique opportu-nity for 11 competitively chosen young investigators discusstheir research findings as an oral or poster presentation aninformal setting. Several these spearheadedthe writing compilation input fromthe investigators.Stress coping mechanisms have evolved over phyla play animportant role survival species. In adaptive responseto stress, living organisms redirect their physiological functionstowards maintenance by mobilising energystores suppressing diverse processes such feeding, bodyrepair, reproduction behaviours. Glucocorticoids, end prod-ucts stress-stimulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)axis, exert effects multiple organ systems regulate metabolic,cardiovascular, immune, behavioural activitiesto maintain homeostasis. Sex differences stress reactivity aresult activational gonadal steroids are wellknown. HPA hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes inti-mately intertwined, wherein activation former affects thefunction latter vice versa. addition, stressresponse is determined genetic, environmental, nutritional anddevelopmental factors, which dictate characteristics themobilised defences against stressors throughout lifespan. Thereviews this attempt summarise current researchon various aspects related central homeostasis.The first Uchoa et al. (1) discusses state ofknowledge about regulation axis glucocorticoids,and elaborates glucocorticoids neural plasticity,immunomodulation feeding Toufexis (2) out-line complex interplay reproductive stressaxes. Based studies rodents primates, high-lights how stressors, during development adulthood, disruptgonadal hormone-mediated behaviouralresponses impair health emotional wellbeing.The Boersma (3) environmentalperturbations nutrition canlead epigenetic alterations maladaptive consequences (i.e.obesity heightened sensitivity) adulthood. Amaralet (4) emphasise importance circadian rhythms themaintenance homeostasis discuss impor-tance hormonal cues synchronisation thecircadian timing system light/dark cycle. No discussion onneuroendocrine can be complete without due consider-ation environmental oestrogens Cruz (5) neonatal exposure toenvironmental modify programming andproduce function adulthood.The topics covered ofstress important implications day-to-day lives allliving organisms. Although neuroendocrinologists begun tounravel multifaceted integrative involved insuch regulation, we barely touched tip iceberg.Application newer concepts tools will potentially propel thefield into revealing nuts bolts biology exposurecan disrupt homeostatic functions, leading pathophysiology.