Malignancy metastatic to the pleura

摘要: A malignant pleural effusion is diagnosed when exfoliated cells are found in fluid or visualized tissue obtained by percutaneous biopsy, thoracoscopy, thoracotomy, at autopsy. Some patients with malignancy have cytology-negative effusions and no direct involvement tumor. If other cause for these can be found, I term them paramalignant (Table 1) . 80 Lymphatic obstruction an important of a probably necessary the accumulation large volume malignancy. 16 , 60 Other local effects tumor causing bronchial (usually caused squamous cell lung cancer) resulting either pneumonia parapneumonic effusion, atelectasis transudative fluid, or, less commonly, trapped lung. Effusions also result from systemic adverse therapy. In addition, concurrent diseases unrelated to malignancy, such as congestive heart failure nonobstructive pneumonia. Establishing diagnosis cancer signals incurability. nonlung primarily manifestation far-advanced disease associated limited survival. 82