Prevalence and clinical significance of subsyndromal manic symptoms, including irritability and psychomotor agitation, during bipolar major depressive episodes.

摘要: Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that subsyndromal manic symptoms occur frequently during bipolar major depressive episodes (MDEs) and may be a subtle form of ‘depressive mixed state.’ This paper examines the prevalence clinical characteristics MDEs with symptoms. The specific effects overt irritability psychomotor agitation are examined. Methods Bipolar (type I or II) patients an MDE at intake (N = 142) were compared based on presence absence concurrent groups further subdivided by and/or agitation. Results Subsyndromal highly prevalent (76.1%), associated significantly increased severity depression/dysphoria in episode, longer episode duration, more suicidal ideation behavior (past, current, long-term follow-up). Overt most (co-occurring 57% 39% MDEs, respectively), accounted for negative Limitations findings need to confirmed larger samples, which also examine relationship adequate antidepressant mood stabilizing treatment. Conclusions one appears modal presentation marker state. In particular, should monitored closely avoid serious outcomes such as affective episodes, exacerbation syndromal mania, heightened suicidality.