Refining procedures for the administration of substances

摘要: 3 Re®nement for individual routes and procedures 13 3.1 Intra-art icular 3.2 Intracerebral (intracerebroventricular) 14 3.3 Intradermal 16 3.4 Intramuscular 3.5 Intranasal 18 3.6 Intraperitoneal 19 3.7 Intratracheal 20 3.8 Intravaginal 3.9 Intravenous intra-arterial 21 3.10 Oral 25 3.10.1 Inclusion in an animal’s food or water 3.10.2 Dosing directly into the pharynx 27 3.10.3 gavage 28 3.11 Osmotic minipumps 30 3.12 Respiratory 31 3.12.1 Whole body exposure 3.12.2 Nose only=Snout only 32 3.12.3 Mask 33 3.13 Subcutaneous 34 3.14 TopicalÐdermal 35 3.15 TopicalÐocular 36 3.16 Footpad 37 3.17 Uncommon 38 4 Special considerations wild animals References 39 WORKING PARTY REPORT