Plague and other human infections caused by Yersinia species.

摘要: With an estimated 100 million victims, pandemically and epidemically occurring plague has been looked upon as a classical scourge of mankind during the last two millenia. Without treatment at least 50% affected individuals die from infection with Yersinia pestis, bacterium belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae. The disease takes fulminant course. After incubation period 2-6 days, bubonic primarily attacks one group lymph nodes. onset pulmonic plague, transmitted by droplet infection, place within several hours causes bronchopneumonia. Early recognition facilitates promising antibiotic therapy tetracycline, streptomycin or chloramphenicol. Human beings acquire bacteria through bites fleas domestic rats in densely populated cities countries low hygienic standards, sporadically open country infected wild rodents. Laboratory procedure includes microscopy supplemented immunofluorescence cultivation clinical material. Direct serology PCR result fast detection specific antigens nucleotide sequences. Determination serum antibodies is principally used for epidemiological investigation. Today, physicians civilized western world lack experience analytical techniques diagnosis are only available some specialized laboratories. Yersiniosis becomes manifest gastroenteritis caused enterocolitica pseudoappendicitis pseudotuberculosis requires antibiotics severe septic cases. Different extraintestinal symptoms may be observed dependence on patient's HLA type gender. ubiquitous germ mainly fecal-oral route via farm animals contaminated food. relevant virulence factors encoded 70 kB plasmid common all species strains that human pathogens. most important tools laboratory culture suitable body fluids serological antibodies. rate among healthy Europe terms percentage elevated IgA IgG titers quoted 3-40% different investigations but does not significantly correlate direct bacteriological detection.