Individual Discrimination on the Basis of Urine in Dogs and Wolves

摘要: The importance of olfactory communication among dogs and wolves is renowned, but human beings still rarely fathom how pervasive such is. A glimpse into this world suggested by the observation that members a typical wolf pack scent mark or inspect once every two minutes day (Peters Mech, 1975). functions marks are legion, may well involve subtleties humans have not yet imagined. It however known can discriminate males from females on basis urine odors preferentially attracted to odor estrous as opposed non-estrous (Dunbar, 1978). Both naturalistic observations preferences female for individual suggest ability individuals both species recognize other (e.g., 1970; LeBoeuf, 1967). Such also cues, it has been shown male distinguish between their own another (Dunbar Carmichael, 1981). We aware, however, any proof cues.