Training Participants: Building a Community of Practice to Negotiate Sustainability

摘要: Sometime over the last two decades, call for public participation seems to have turned sides. Where once social movements demanded inclusion in policy-making, governments are now asking or even demanding citizens and NGOs get actively involved. In this turn, — perhaps democracy itself has become both a policy goal means of governing (Uitermark/Van Beek 2010). Participation is widely embraced as key element shift ‘from government governance’, including by EU, UN, most national regional around world (Bulkely/Mol 2003). Listed benefits include higher levels democratic legitimacy local support, increased effectiveness efficiency implementation. Governments’ demand effective methods engendered new domain experts professionals provide knowledge services design management interactions between state civil society (Van der Arend 2007; Chilvers 2008). The dynamics market these may generate ‘supply push’ particular ‘technologies participation’, they might be called respect (Vos/Simons 2014). So, years, evolved from socio-political ideal an organisational issue, something understood type role process managers, facilitators, officeholders.