How participation creates citizens: participatory governance as performative practice.

摘要: Participation is a prominent feature of many decision-making and planning processes. Among its proclaimed benefits potential to strengthen public support involvement. However, participation also known for having unintended consequences which lead failures in meeting objectives. This article takes critical perspective on by discussing how may influence the ways citizens can become involved. unavoidably involves (1) restrictions about who should be involved space negotiation, (2) assumptions what issue at stake is, (3) expectations outcome participants are expected behave. illustrated case study Dutch nature area, Drentsche Aa. The demonstrates participatory process that took place restrictions, assumptions, were resulted six forms citizen involvement, both intended unintended, ranged between creativity, passivity, entrenchment. Based these findings, argues does not merely serve as neutral represented, but instead creates different categories citizens. Recognizing this means reconceiving performative practice. Such goes beyond overly optimistic views technique whose application perfected, well pessimistic repression or domination. Instead, it appreciates involvement meaningful legitimate, recognizes citizenship being constituted interaction context participation.